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Everything about Calibrated Probability Assessment totally explained

Calibrated probability assessments are subjective probabilities assigned by individuals who have been trained to assess probabilities in a way that historically represents their uncertainty. In other words, when a calibrated person says they're "80% confident" in each of 100 predictions they made, that'll get about 80% of them correct. Likewise, that'll be right 90% of the time they say they're 90% certain, and so on. Calibration training improves subjective probabilities because most people are either "overconfident" or "under-confident" (usually the former). By practicing with a series of trivia questions, it's possible for subjects to fine-tune their ability to assess probabilities. For example, a subject may be asked:
» True or False: "A hockey puck fits in a golf hole"


   Confidence: Choose the probability that best represents your chance of getting this question right... » :50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

If a person has no idea whatsoever, that'll say they're only 0% confident. If they're absolutely certain they're correct, that'll say 100%. But most people will answer somewhere in between. If a calibrated person is asked a large number of such questions, that'll get about as many correct as they expected. On the other hand, an uncalibrated person who is systematically overconfident may say they're 90% confident in a large number of questions where they only get 60% or 70% of them correct. Calibration training generally involves taking a battery of such tests. Feedback is provided between tests and the subjects refine their probabilities.
   Calibration training may also involve learning other techniques that help to compensate for consistent over- or under-confidence. Since subjects are better at placing odds when they pretend to bet money, subjects are taught how to convert calibration questions into a type of betting game which is shown to improve their subjective probabilities. Various collaborative methods have been developed, such as prediction market, so that subjective estimates from multiple individuals can be taken into account.
   Stochastic modeling methods such as the Monte Carlo method often use subjective estimates from "subject matter experts". However, since research shows that such experts are very likely to be statistically overconfident, the model will tend to underestimate uncertainty and risk. The Applied Information Economics method systematically uses calibration training as part of a decision modeling process.

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